Dynamics of internal tsunami generation will answer the following key questions:

Q1) How does internal tsunami generation depend on calving magnitude and type (waterline, icefall, sheet collapse, stack topple, subaqueous, hybrid, etc.)?

Q2) How do oceanographic conditions within fjords influence the characteristics of the internal tsunamis generated, and how does this vary within and between seasons?

Q3) To what extent is fjord geometry a key influencer on the magnitude and nature of internal tsunamis generated?

Q4) How far do the internal waves generated propagate from the source, how does the internal wave energy decay, and what is the associated dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy?

To answer these questions, we will use fixed cameras and passive underwater acoustics to detect and quantify calving events, augmented with routine and reactive RPAS footage, satellite remote sensing, and active acoustic glacier scanning from small boat. The internal wave response to these events will be classified in terms of vertical structure and spectral composition using moorings and continuously-present underwater glider datasets (T3, T2, T10). Internal wave characteristics will also be recovered from flight deviation analysis applied to underwater glider trajectories. Non-linearity, wave decay and dispersion will be determined from mooring data. Idealised modelling will be informed by observational data (including from data mining), and used to determine how different modes of ice movement induce different modes of pycnocline response; these simulations will then be used to explore causal relationships across a wide range of parameter space. We will use the idealised modelling simulations and glider data to quantify the magnitude of internal wave energy at differing distances from the glacier front, its direction of speed and propagation, and the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. The findings of WP1 will be used in other analyses (WP2) to determine the consequences of internal tsunamigenesis for vertical and horizontal water property fluxes. The final output of WP1 will be a set of functional relationships derived from observations and fine-resolution modelling that will provide algebraic expressions relating enhanced vertical mixing (in the form of spatio-temporal estimates of vertical eddy diffusivity) as a function of fjord geometry, stratification and calving type/size. These expressions will form the basis of a parameterisation to be employed in the regional and circum-Antarctic model simulations (WP2, WP3).